Studies in recent years have suggested that diverse T H subsets play a crucial role in the processing and maintenance of chronic inflammation ( 9) and tumorigenesis ( 10), in which their cytokine products play an essential role that modulates the development of the inflammatory microenvironment provoked by tumorigenesis and affect tumor initiation/progression ( 3, 11, 12).
To escape host immune surveillance, however, pre-neoplastic adenoma cells can develop diverse strategies to suppress antitumor immunity. T-helper (T H) 1 immunity is believed to be the most important host immune mechanism for keeping pre-neoplastic/neoplastic cells in check ( 6– 8). This process is significantly influenced by host immunity ( 3– 5). According to the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence theory, most CRCs develop from pre-existing adenomatous lesions through a multistep process with the accumulation of genetic, molecular and histological changes ( 1, 2). This review summarizes recent findings and currently available data for understanding the vital role and therapeutic significance of T H9/IL-9, T H17/IL-17, and T H22/IL-22 in the development of colorectal tumorigenesis.Ĭolorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of high cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Extensive laboratory and clinical evidence suggests a positive relationship between these new T H subsets and the growth and formation of CRC, whereas, administration of IL-9, IL-17, and IL-22 signaling inhibitors can significantly alter the formation of colorectal chronic inflammation or CRC lesions in animal models, suggesting that blocking these cytokine signals might represent promising immunotherapeutic strategies. Since chronic inflammation is a potent driving force for the development of human colorectal cancer (CRC), the contributions of T H9/IL-9, T H17/IL-17, and T H22/IL-22 in the pathogenesis of CRC have recently become an increasingly popular area of scientific investigation. In recent years, several newly identified T helper (T H) cell subsets, such as T H9, T H17, and T H22 cells, and their respective cytokine products, IL-9, IL-17, and IL-22, have been reported to play critical roles in the development of chronic inflammation in the colorectum. 2Faculty of Health Science, Nord University, Levanger, Norway.1Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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